![]() ![]() Keep in mind: Not even 30 years before, the Civil War had still been raging. Congress later amended the code on December 22, 1942, when it passed Public Law 77-829, stating among other changes, that the pledge "be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart.Until 1892, there was no such thing as a Pledge of Allegiance.ĭaniel Sharp Ford, the owner of a magazine called Youth’s Companion, was on a crusade to put American flags in every school in the country. This included the use of a palm-out salute, specifically that the pledge "be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart extending the right hand, palm upward, toward the flag at the words 'to the flag' and holding this position until the end, when the hand drops to the side." Congress did not discuss or take into account the controversy over use of the salute. On June 22, 1942, at the urging of the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Congress passed Public Law 77-623, which codified the etiquette used to display and pledge allegiance to the flag. Scott Berg explains that interventionist propagandists would photograph Lindbergh and other isolationists using this salute from an angle that left out the American flag, so it would be indistinguishable to observers from the Nazi salute.īellamy salutes in 1917 at a Fifth Avenue, New York, ceremony opposite the Union League Club reviewing stand during the recent "Wake Up, America" celebration where thousands marched in the procession. In his Pulitzer Prize-winning biography Lindbergh (1998), author A. The pictures of him appearing to do the Nazi salute are actually pictures of him using the Bellamy salute. Among the anti-interventionist Americans was aviation pioneer Charles Lindbergh. įrom 1939 until the attack on Pearl Harbor, critics of Americans who argued against intervention in World War II produced propaganda using the salute to lessen those Americans' reputations. There was a counter-backlash from the United States Flag Association and the Daughters of the American Revolution, who felt it inappropriate for Americans to have to change the traditional salute because foreigners had later adopted a similar gesture. School boards around the country revised the salute to avoid this similarity. Controversy grew in the United States on the use of the Bellamy salute given its similarity to the fascist salutes. A similar ritual was adopted by the German Nazis, creating the Nazi salute. In the 1920s, Italian fascists adopted the Roman salute to symbolize their claim to have revitalized Italy on the model of ancient Rome. Standing thus, all repeat together, slowly, "I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all." At the words, "to my Flag," the right hand is extended gracefully, palm upward, toward the Flag, and remains in this gesture till the end of the affirmation whereupon all hands immediately drop to the side. Another signal is given every pupil gives the flag the military salute – right hand lifted, palm downward, to align with the forehead and close to it. The Bellamy salute was first demonstrated on October 12, 1892, according to Bellamy's published instructions for the "National School Celebration of Columbus Day":Īt a signal from the Principal the pupils, in ordered ranks, hands to the side, face the Flag. Bellamy recalled that Upham, upon reading the pledge, came into the posture of the salute, snapped his heels together, and said, "Now up there is the flag I come to salute as I say "I pledge allegiance to my flag," I stretch out my right hand and keep it raised while I say the stirring words that follow." Upham, junior partner and editor of The Youth's Companion. The inventor of the Bellamy salute was James B. ![]() schoolchildren pledging their allegiance to the flag, May 1942 ![]()
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